Methodology
What Helios reasons from, and how much of it is settled
Helios compares your labs against reference intervals. Those intervals are the whole premise of the tool, so they are published here in full — including the ones that no clinician has signed off on. This page is generated directly from the engine's range table, so it cannot quietly fall out of date with what the software actually does.
Review coverage
Every biomarker Helios can evaluate, numeric and qualitative.
A licensed clinician has read and signed off on the interval.
No clinician has signed these off. Most have a published source behind them; some are genuinely contested.
77 of the 105 reference ranges in Helios have not been signed off by a clinician. Of those, 47 have a citable published source but no clinical sign-off, and 30 are flagged as unsettled — contested, age-dependent, derived from other values, or with no source on record at all. We publish this because a tool that implied all 105 were settled would be lying to you. Findings that rest on an unsettled range are marked as such inside the product, not hidden.
What the three review states mean
A licensed clinician has read this interval and signed off on it.
A published source backs this interval, but no clinician has signed it off. Not the same as reviewed.
The interval is contested, age-dependent, derived, or has no source on record. Treat it as unsettled.
These are not shades of the same thing. "Evidence-established" means a paper or guideline supports the interval — it does not mean a doctor looked at it in the context of this tool. We keep the two separate on purpose.
Two bands per marker: standard vs optimal
Every numeric marker carries two intervals, and the difference between them matters.
- Standard band
- The conventional laboratory "normal" — the range that covers most of the general population. Falling outside it is what a typical lab report flags. It describes what is common, which is not the same as what is healthy: it is derived from a population that includes plenty of unwell people.
- Optimal band
- The tighter target used in longevity and preventive practice — where the evidence suggests risk is lowest, rather than merely where most people sit. This is the band Helios flags against, which is why it will surface things your lab report called normal.
The honest caveat: optimal bands are inherently less settled than standard ones. Many rest on observational association rather than on trials showing that moving a number produces a better outcome. Each marker below carries a direction telling you which side is the concern — higher, lower, or both extremes.
Evidence tiers on recommendations
Anything Helios suggests carries a tier describing how strong the evidence behind it actually is. Tiers are never upgraded to make a suggestion look better supported than it is.
- Tier A — trials and guidelines
- Backed by randomised controlled trials or established clinical guidelines. The strongest thing we can say.
- Tier B — cohort and mechanistic
- Backed by observational cohort studies or a plausible biological mechanism. Suggestive, not proven — these show association, and association is not causation.
- Tier C — emerging and anecdotal
- Early research, small studies, or practitioner experience. Included for completeness and explicitly labelled. Treat with real scepticism.
What this engine will not do
- It does not diagnose. An out-of-range marker is an observation to discuss with a clinician, never a condition.
- It does not prescribe. Every medication, hormone, peptide, and therapy it surfaces carries dosing ranges, an evidence tier, and a requires-licensed-clinician flag. It is information to bring to an appointment, not an instruction to follow.
- The safety gate runs before ranking, always. Interventions blocked on safety grounds — interactions, contraindications, your stated conditions — never enter the recommendation list at all. They are set aside as withheld for safety, and you can see that they were withheld.
- It does not invent your data. Values parsed out of an uploaded lab PDF are proposals until you confirm them. Nothing extracted by OCR or a language model is trusted automatically, and uncertain values are surfaced as uncertain rather than guessed.
- It does not send your health data to third parties. Queries to external research databases carry only topic strings such as "testosterone replacement outcomes" — never your identity, your labs, or your symptoms.
Every reference range in the engine
All 105 markers, grouped by body system. Filter by review state to see exactly what is signed and what is not. Markers flagged needs review show the reason their interval is still contested.
Cardiovascular (9)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ApoB mg/dL | <90 | <70 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Cholesterol/HDL ratio ratio | <5 | <3.5 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Risk rises >5 (Framingham-derived ratio). |
HDL-C mg/dL | Male40–90 Female50–90 | Male50–90 Female60–90 | Lower is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
LDL-C mg/dL | <100 | <70 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Lp(a) nmol/L | <125 | <75 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Non-HDL cholesterol mg/dL | <130 | <100 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Non-HDL goals — ACC/AHA / NLA. |
Total cholesterol mg/dL | 125–200 | 150–180 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Desirable <200 mg/dL — NCEP ATP-III. |
Triglycerides mg/dL | <150 | <80 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
VLDL mg/dL | <30 | <20 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Calculated VLDL ~2–30 mg/dL (derived from triglycerides). |
Hematologic (20)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Basophils % % | <2 | <1 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established WBC differential reference intervals (reference labs). |
Basophils (abs) x10^3/uL | <0.2 | <0.1 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Absolute basophil count reference interval (reference labs). |
Eosinophils % % | <5 | <3 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established WBC differential reference intervals (reference labs). |
Eosinophils (abs) x10^3/uL | <0.5 | <0.3 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Absolute eosinophil count reference interval (reference labs). |
Hematocrit % | Male38.3–50 Female35.5–44.9 | Male40–48 Female37–44 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Hemoglobin g/dL | Male13.5–17.5 Female12–15.5 | Male14–16.5 Female12.5–14.5 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established WHO anemia cutoffs M<13 / F<12 g/dL; reference labs. |
Lymphocytes % % | 20–45 | 25–40 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established WBC differential reference intervals (reference labs). |
Lymphocytes (abs) x10^3/uL | 1–3.5 | 1.4–3 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Absolute lymphocyte count reference interval (reference labs). |
MCH pg | 27–33 | 28–32 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Reference-lab adult interval ~27–33 pg. |
MCHC g/dL | 32–36 | 33–35 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Reference-lab adult interval ~32–36 g/dL. |
MCV fL | 80–100 | 85–92 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Reference-lab adult interval ~80–100 fL. |
Monocytes % % | 2–10 | 3–8 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established WBC differential reference intervals (reference labs). |
Monocytes (abs) x10^3/uL | 0.1–0.9 | 0.2–0.7 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Absolute monocyte count reference interval (reference labs). |
Neutrophils % % | 40–75 | 45–65 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established WBC differential reference intervals (reference labs). |
Neutrophils (abs) x10^3/uL | 1.8–7.5 | 2–6 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Absolute neutrophil count reference interval (reference labs). |
PSA ng/mL | <6.5age-stratified | <3 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Platelets x10^3/uL | 150–400 | 200–350 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Reference-lab adult interval ~150–400 x10^3/uL. |
RBC x10^6/uL | Male4.5–5.9 Female4–5.2 | Male4.7–5.5 Female4.2–4.9 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Reference-lab adult intervals (StatPearls NBK604207). |
RDW % | <14.5 | <13 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established ~11.5–15%; high RDW associates with mortality (PMC5640961). |
WBC x10^3/uL | 3.5–10.5 | 4–8 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Reference-lab adult interval ~4.5–11.0 x10^3/uL. |
Hormonal (6)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
DHEA-S ug/dL | Male40–290age-stratified Female15–160age-stratified | Male120–250 Female70–150 | Lower is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Estradiol pg/mL | Male10–40 Female30–400 | Male20–30 Female50–200 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Free testosterone pg/mL | Male50–200 Female1–8.5 | Male120–200 Female3–7 | Lower is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
IGF-1 ng/mL | 65–220age-stratified | 100–180 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |
SHBG nmol/L | 20–60 | 25–45 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Total testosterone ng/dL | Male300–1000 Female15–70 | Male600–900 Female30–60 | Lower is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Inflammation (9)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ALT U/L | Male<44 Female<32 | Male<25 Female<20 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Healthy ULN ~29–33 (M) / 19–25 (F) U/L — ACG 2017 (PubMed 27995906). |
AST U/L | Male<40 Female<32 | Male<25 Female<22 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Lab ULN ~35–40 U/L (Mayo Proceedings LFT review). |
Alkaline phosphatase U/L | 40–129 | 50–95 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established ~30–120 U/L — Cleveland Clinic LFT. |
Bilirubin (total) mg/dL | 0.2–1.2 | 0.3–1 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review 'Lower is better' optimal is likely inverted — higher bilirubin associates with antioxidant/protective effects. See docs/RANGE_EVIDENCE.md (fix #6). |
ESR mm/hr | Male<20 Female<30 | Male<10 Female<15 | Higher is worse | Needs review Age-dependent (Westergren; Miller upper bound ≈ age/2). Our fixed band is wide and not age-adjusted — no authoritative endorsement. See docs/RANGE_EVIDENCE.md §C. |
GGT U/L | Male<65 Female<45 | Male<20 Female<16 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Homocysteine umol/L | <15 | <8 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Rheumatoid factor IU/mL | <14 | <10 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Normal <14(–20) IU/mL — Cleveland Clinic. |
hs-CRP mg/L | <3 | <1 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Metabolic (15)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Albumin g/dL | 3.5–5 | 4.3–5 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 3.5–5.0 g/dL — Medscape lab values. |
Albumin/Globulin ratio ratio | 1–2.5 | 1.2–2.2 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Derived albumin/globulin ratio; no authoritative optimal interval. See docs/RANGE_EVIDENCE.md. |
Bicarbonate (CO2) mmol/L | 22–30 | 24–28 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 22–29 mmol/L — Mayo BMP reference. |
Calcium mg/dL | 8.6–10.3 | 9.2–10 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 8.4–10.6 mg/dL — Medscape lab values. |
Chloride mmol/L | 98–107 | 100–106 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 98–107 mmol/L — Mayo reference. |
Fasting glucose mg/dL | 70–99 | 75–90 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Fasting insulin uIU/mL | 2–19 | 2–6 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Globulin g/dL | 2–3.9 | 2.4–3.2 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Calculated (total protein − albumin); upper bound wide with no authoritative optimal interval. See docs/RANGE_EVIDENCE.md. |
HOMA-IR index | <2.5 | <1.5 | Higher is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
HbA1c % | 4–5.6 | 4.5–5.3 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Phosphate mg/dL | 2.5–4.5 | 3–4 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 2.5–4.5 mg/dL — Medscape lab values. |
Potassium mmol/L | 3.5–5.1 | 4–4.8 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 3.6–5.2 mmol/L — Mayo reference. |
Sodium mmol/L | 135–145 | 137–142 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 135–145 mmol/L — Mayo BMP reference. |
Total protein g/dL | 6–8.3 | 6.5–7.8 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 6.3–8.3 g/dL — Medscape lab values. |
Uric acid mg/dL | Male3.4–7 Female2.4–6 | Male3.5–5.5 Female3–5 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established Reference intervals; treat-to-target <6.0 mg/dL — ACR 2020 gout (PubMed 32391934). |
Micronutrient (23)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ceruloplasmin mg/dL | 20–35 | 20–35 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Acute-phase reactant; primarily interpreted alongside copper rather than alone. Reviewer must confirm it warrants a standalone finding at all. Worksheet Q2. D8 2026-08-21: the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md) refused the 22–32 optimal band; demoted to the standard interval. Its stronger ask — no standalone finding, only a combined copper/ceruloplasmin one — is specialist residue (the combined finding adds a claim). ~20–35 mg/dL adult reference interval (reference labs). |
Copper ug/dL | 70–140 | 70–140 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Rises as an acute-phase reactant via ceruloplasmin, so an elevated value may be inflammation, not copper excess. Reviewer must rule on the optimal band and the inflammation caveat. Worksheet Q2. D8 2026-08-21: the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md) refused the 85–130 optimal band; demoted to the laboratory interval. ~70–140 µg/dL adult serum reference interval (reference labs; NIH ODS). |
Ferritin ng/mL | Male30–400 Female15–200 | Male50–150 Female40–120 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Folate ng/mL | 3–20 | 10–20 | Lower is worse | Evidence-established Deficiency <3–4 ng/mL (NHANES-derived). |
Iron ug/dL | Male65–175 Female50–170 | Male90–150 Female70–140 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established ~50–175 µg/dL adult reference (Medscape). |
Magnesium (serum) mg/dL | 1.7–2.2 | 2–2.2 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Serum magnesium is a poor whole-body-status marker: roughly 1% of body magnesium is extracellular and the serum level is tightly defended, so a normal value does not exclude depletion. Reviewer must rule on the optimal band, and on whether serum magnesium should classify at all when RBC magnesium is available. No worksheet entry yet — needs one. Serum magnesium ~1.7–2.2 mg/dL adult reference interval (reference labs; NIH ODS) — distinct from RBC magnesium. |
Manganese ug/L | 0.4–1.6 | 0.6–1.4 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Serum and whole-blood intervals differ by an order of magnitude and the lab record carries no specimen type, so the marker is context-gated (never auto-flagged) rather than risk reading a whole-blood value as toxicity. Reviewer must rule on whether to classify it at all, and on which specimen. No worksheet entry yet — needs one. Serum/plasma ~0.4–1.6 µg/L; WHOLE BLOOD ~4–15 µg/L — specimen-dependent and not interchangeable (reference labs). |
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) umol/L | <0.4 | <0.27 | Higher is worse | Needs review Renally cleared — impaired eGFR raises it independently of B12 status. Reviewer must rule on the optimal ceiling and whether to gate on eGFR. Worksheet Q6. D8 2026-08-21: per the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md), ≤0.27 µmol/L stays only as a contextual decision point: below eGFR 60 no MMA-alone classification; eGFR 60–89 or age ≥70 annotates reduced specificity; with a serum B12 on file the finding is framed as possible functional B12 deficiency requiring renal and clinical context. Serum methylmalonic acid normal ≲0.40 µmol/L; elevation supports functional B12 deficiency (reference labs). |
Omega-3 Index % | 4–12 | 8–12 | Lower is worse | Needs review Optimal >=8% derives from a specific standardized RBC assay; values from other assays are not interchangeable. Reviewer must rule on whether to flag at all when the assay is unknown. Worksheet Q8. D8 2026-08-21: the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md) ruled an unknown assay UNCLASSIFIED, not caveated — the engine holds no assay metadata, so the marker is context-gated (stored, displayed, no automated finding). Classification returns when assay provenance can be verified. RBC EPA+DHA; <4% high risk, 4–8% intermediate, ≥8% desirable (Omega-3 Index, Harris & von Schacky) — assay-specific. |
RBC Magnesium mg/dL | 4–6.4 | 5–6.4 | Lower is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
RBC folate ng/mL | 140–800 | 140–800 | Lower is worse | Needs review Deficiency cutoffs are established; the OPTIMAL band is not, and the neural-tube-prevention threshold is a different question from adult optimization. Reviewer must rule on the optimal band. Worksheet Q6. D8 2026-08-21: the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md) refused the 400–800 general-adult band; general adults use the deficiency limit (<140 ng/mL) only. The WHO >400 ng/mL population-level NTD-prevention target for people capable of pregnancy is specialist residue — the profile may not carry the needed field and implementing it adds a claim. Deficiency <140 ng/mL; adult interval ~140–800 ng/mL (NHANES-derived). |
Selenium ug/L | 70–150 | 70–150 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Narrow therapeutic width and strongly geography/soil-dependent — a band defensible in one population may not be in another. Reviewer must rule on the optimal band and the toxicity ceiling. Worksheet Q3. D8 2026-08-21: the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md) refused the 100–150 optimal band; demoted. High-side values below the 400 µg/L selenosis-association referral are framed as exposure review, not toxicity. ~70–150 µg/L adult serum/plasma reference interval (reference labs; NIH ODS). |
TIBC ug/dL | 250–450 | 250–400 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established ~250–370(–450) µg/dL (Medscape). |
Transferrin saturation % | 20–50 | 25–40 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 20–50% (<20 deficient, >50 overload) — Medscape. |
Urinary iodine ug/L | 100–299 | 100–199 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review WHO cutoffs are POPULATION medians from spot samples; within-person day-to-day variation is very large, so one value cannot classify an individual. Context-gated (never auto-flagged). Worksheet Q7. WHO adequacy 100–199 µg/L as a POPULATION median from spot urine (WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD) — not an individual diagnostic. |
Vitamin A (retinol) ug/dL | 30–65 | 30–65 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Serum retinol is homeostatically defended until liver stores are depleted, so it detects deficiency late. Reviewer must rule on the optimal band and the toxicity ceiling. Worksheet Q4. D8 2026-08-21: the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md) refused the 40–60 optimal band and any serum-retinol toxicity ceiling as a diagnosis; demoted to the lab interval. The ~100 µg/dL referral trigger in micronutrient_excess is retained DELIBERATELY as the residue the licensed specialists rule on — it frames a referral, not a toxicity diagnosis. Serum retinol ~30–65 µg/dL adult reference interval (reference labs; NIH ODS). |
Vitamin B12 pg/mL | 200–900 | 500–900 | Lower is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Vitamin B6 (PLP) nmol/L | 20–125 | 30–110 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review The high side is the unsettled part: supplemental-B6 sensory neuropathy is well described but the plasma-PLP threshold at which to warn is not agreed, and assays differ. Reviewer must rule on the optimal band and on the toxicity ceiling. No worksheet entry yet — needs one. Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate ~20–125 nmol/L; deficiency commonly cited below 20–30 nmol/L (NHANES-derived; NIH ODS). |
Vitamin C (ascorbate) mg/dL | 0.4–2 | 0.8–2 | Lower is worse | Needs review Plasma ascorbate reflects recent intake rather than tissue stores and falls with smoking and acute inflammation. Deficiency cutoffs are established; the OPTIMAL band is not. Reviewer must rule on the optimal band. No worksheet entry yet — needs one. Plasma ascorbic acid: deficiency <0.2 mg/dL, marginal 0.2–0.4 mg/dL, adequate ≳0.4 mg/dL (NHANES-derived; NIH ODS). |
Vitamin D (25-OH) ng/mL | 30–100 | 50–80 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) mg/L | 5.5–17 | 5.5–17 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Interpretation is lipid-dependent (alpha-tocopherol:lipid ratio). Marked requires_context so no automated finding fires until that ratio is collected. Reviewer must rule on whether to keep it context-gated. Worksheet Q4. D8 2026-08-21: the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md) refused the 10–17 optimal band; demoted. The validated lipid-standardized deficiency threshold (≈0.8 mg/g total lipids) is specialist residue. Serum alpha-tocopherol ~5.5–17 mg/L adult reference interval (reference labs). |
Vitamin K (phylloquinone) ng/mL | 0.1–2.2 | 0.1–2.2 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review NO defensible individual reference interval — serum phylloquinone is a poor status marker and assays are unstandardized. Context-gated (never auto-flagged). Reviewer must rule on whether to record it at all. Worksheet Q5. No standardized individual interval; serum phylloquinone assays vary widely — recorded, not classified. |
Zinc ug/dL | 70–120 | 70–120 | Both extremes are worse | Needs review Serum/plasma zinc is a weak status marker (homeostatically defended, falls with inflammation and albumin). Reviewer must rule on the optimal band AND whether to require joint interpretation with copper. Worksheet Q1. D8 2026-08-21: the independent review (docs/OPEN_CLINICAL_QUESTIONS_INDEPENDENT_REVIEW.md) refused the 90–120 optimal band; demoted to the standard interval pending the specialist ruling on condition-specific decision limits. ~70–120 µg/dL adult serum/plasma reference interval (reference labs; NIH ODS). |
Oncologic-Screening (4)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
AFP ng/mL | <8 | <5 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Adult reference <8 ng/mL (lab-variable). |
CA 125 U/mL | <35 | <30 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Standard cutoff <35 U/mL. |
CA 19-9 U/mL | <37 | <30 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Standard manufacturer cutoff <37 U/mL. |
CEA ng/mL | <3 | <2.5 | Higher is worse | Evidence-established Nonsmoker <3.0 ng/mL — Cleveland Clinic. |
Renal (15)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BUN mg/dL | 7–20 | 10–18 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 6–21 mg/dL — Medscape lab values. |
Creatinine mg/dL | Male0.7–1.3 Female0.6–1.1 | Male0.8–1.1 Female0.6–1 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established M 0.74–1.35 / F 0.59–1.04 mg/dL — Medscape lab values. |
Urine RBC qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine WBC qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine bilirubin qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine blood qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine glucose qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine ketones qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine leukocyte esterase qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine nitrite qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine pH pH | 4.5–8 | 6–7 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 4.5–8.0 — AAFP urinalysis. |
Urine protein qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Urine specific gravity SG | 1.005–1.03 | 1.01–1.025 | Both extremes are worse | Evidence-established 1.005–1.030 — Cleveland Clinic. |
Urine urobilinogen qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
eGFR mL/min/1.73m2 | 45–120age-stratified | 60–120 | Lower is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Serology (1)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
HIV 1/2 antibody qualitative | Qualitative (present / absent) — no numeric band | — | Both extremes are worse | Needs review No source on record for this interval. |
Thyroid (3)
| Marker | Standard band | Optimal band | Direction | Review state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Free T3 pg/mL | 2.3–4.2 | 3.2–4.2 | Lower is worse | Clinician-reviewed |
Free T4 ng/dL | 0.8–1.8 | 1.1–1.6 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |
TSH mIU/L | 0.4–4.5 | 0.8–2 | Both extremes are worse | Clinician-reviewed |